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Study Guide
Full guide covers all 4 subareas and 11 objectives. Below is a sample from Objective 1.
Subarea I — 35% of Exam
Foundations of Reading Development
Objective 1: Phonological and Phonemic Awareness
What Is Phonological Awareness?
Phonological awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language — independent of meaning. It includes awareness at multiple levels: words, syllables, onset-rime, and individual phonemes.
Phonemic awareness is a subset — it refers specifically to awareness of individual phonemes, the smallest units of sound. A student who can blend /k/ /æ/ /t/ into “cat” or segment “ship” into /ʃ/ /ɪ/ /p/ is demonstrating phonemic awareness.
The Phonological Awareness Continuum
Phonological awareness skills develop along a continuum from larger to smaller units:
Key Phonemic Awareness Skills to Know
| Skill | Example |
|---|---|
| Blending | /m/ /æ/ /p/ → "map" |
| Segmenting | "sun" → /s/ /ʌ/ /n/ |
| Deletion | "smile" without /s/ → "mile" |
| Substitution | Change /p/ in "pan" to /m/ → "man" |
| Isolation | First sound in "fish" → /f/ |
Objective 2: Concepts of Print and the Alphabetic Principle
Concepts of print refers to the foundational understanding of how written language works. Students must understand that print carries meaning, that English reads left-to-right and top-to-bottom, and that spaces separate words...